What if Panama had stayed part of Colombia?

In August 1903, Colombia's Congress rejected the treaty that would have let the United States build a canal across Panama. On November 3, 1903, Panama declared independence, with a US warship, the Nashville, at Colón. Within weeks, the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave the US control of a canal zone, and the canal opened in 1914.

The Turning Point: if Colombia had signed, the canal might have stayed under Colombian rule. Or the US might have dug in Nicaragua, the backup route Congress had approved in 1902. These are possibilities, not history.

Which outcome do you think was more likely: a Colombian canal or a Nicaraguan one?

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